Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Institute for Advanced Study was founded in 1930 by Abraham Flexner, an American educator, together with philanthropists Louis Bamberger and Caroline Bamberger Fuld. The Bambergers funded the institute with proceeds from the sale of their Bamberger's department store in Newark, New Jersey.
Albert Einstein, John von Neumann, Kurt Gödel, Hermann Weyl, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Emmy Noether, Freeman Dyson, and Edward Witten are among the scholars who have held positions at the institute. Forty-two of the sixty-one Fields Medalists in mathematics have had some affiliation with the IAS.
The IAS is an independent institution with no formal links to Princeton University, despite being located nearby. For its first six years, from 1933 to 1939, the institute was housed within Princeton University's Fine Hall, which created a lasting but incorrect impression that the two are connected.
John von Neumann directed the construction of the IAS machine, built in the basement of Fuld Hall between 1942 and 1951. This computer introduced the basic architecture that underlies most modern digital computers.
Hetty Goldman became the first woman professor at the IAS in 1936, in the School of Humanistic Studies. She remained the only woman professor at the institute until 1972. The School of Mathematics did not hire its first woman permanent faculty member until 2024.
The Langlands program is a far-reaching approach uniting parts of geometry, mathematical analysis, and number theory, introduced by mathematician Robert Langlands. Langlands currently occupies Albert Einstein's former office at the institute, and the IAS maintains the principal repository for his papers and research connected to the program.