Short answers, pulled from the story.
Industrialisation first began in Great Britain, starting in the mid-18th century and continuing into the early 19th century. From there it spread to Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France, and eventually to other parts of Europe and North America.
The Four Asian Tigers are Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Between the early 1960s and 1990s, all four underwent rapid industrialisation and maintained exceptionally high growth rates, making East Asia one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world by the end of the 20th century.
Industrialisation shifted the dominant family form from the extended family, which spanned many generations in the same location, to the nuclear family consisting of parents and their growing children. Sociologist Talcott Parsons documented this change, noting that as jobs concentrated in urban areas, families became more mobile and extended family bonds grew more tenuous.
Cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis spread rapidly as a result of industrialisation. Overcrowded housing, poor sanitation, and limited access to clean water in rapidly growing urban areas created ideal conditions for these illnesses to take hold among workers who had migrated from rural villages.
Charles Saint Lambert was an industrialist who by 1840 had established modern reverberatory furnaces for copper smelting at Fundicion Lambert in La Serena, Chile. He and his son imported the latest smelting technologies from Swansea, though historians generally regard his enterprise as an outlier, with the onset of Chilean industrialisation more commonly dated to the end of the 19th century.
Technological leapfrogging refers to direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies, allowing countries to bypass the older, heavily polluting stages that earlier industrialisers passed through. It is increasingly part of industrialisation strategies focused on sustainable development and green industrial policy.