Short answers, pulled from the story.
Industrial warfare is a period in the history of warfare ranging roughly from the early 19th century and the start of the Industrial Revolution to the beginning of the Atomic Age. It saw nation-states use industrialization to create and equip large armies, navies, and air forces, and introduced mass conscription, railroads for troop transport, telegraph communications, rifled weapons, chemical weapons, armored vehicles, and aircraft.
Erich Ludendorff coined the term "total war" during World War I and elaborated on it in his 1935 book Total War. The concept called for the complete mobilization and subordination of all resources, including policy and social systems, to the war effort, and came to mean waging warfare with absolute ruthlessness, including targeting civilians and civilian infrastructure.
Union General William Tecumseh Sherman, alongside General Ulysses S. Grant, pioneered total war tactics in the American Civil War by targeting the Confederacy's strategic, economic, and psychological ability to fight. Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas destroyed civilian supplies and infrastructure; Sherman himself claimed he and his men caused $100,000,000 in damages in Georgia alone.
Airplanes were first used in combat during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-1912, when Italian forces carried out reconnaissance and bombing missions. By the end of World War I, aircraft had already specialized into bombers, fighters, and surveillance planes, and top speeds tripled between 1918 and 1939.
The first successful submarine attack in wartime occurred in 1864, when the Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley sank a Union frigate. Submarines went on to play major roles in both World Wars by sinking merchant ships with torpedoes, and in the 1950s evolved into ballistic missile submarines carrying dozens of nuclear-armed missiles.
The Battle of Taranto in 1940 was the first naval battle in which one side employed only aircraft, with the Royal Navy defeating the Italian fleet entirely through carrier-based air power. It set the stage for Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor the following year and, combined with the sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse two days after Pearl Harbor, signaled the end of the battleship era.