Short answers, pulled from the story.
Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical, or mechanical steps to aid in manufacturing items on a very large scale. These operations form the key components of heavy industry that power global economies by transforming raw materials into usable products.
Limestone breaks down at high temperatures into useable calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas during calcination. This reaction figures most prominently in creating cement, the paste found within concrete structures worldwide.
Froth flotation separates minerals through flotation techniques that rely on surface chemistry differences between particles. This method provides usable products from materials that exist naturally in impure forms within the earth.
Selective laser sintering fuses powdered material layers using lasers to build three-dimensional objects progressively. Additive manufacturing adds material progressively to the piece until the desired shape and size are obtained.