Short answers, pulled from the story.
İsmet İnönü was a Turkish military officer and politician who served as president of Turkey from 1938 to 1950 and as prime minister three times: 1923-1924-1925-1937, and 1961-1965. He was Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's closest political associate and executed most of the founding reforms of the Turkish Republic.
İnönü received his surname from Atatürk when the 1934 Surname Law was adopted. The name refers to the town of İnönü, where İsmet commanded Turkish forces to victory in the First and Second Battles of İnönü against Greek forces in 1921 during the Turkish War of Independence.
İnönü chose neutrality primarily because the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of the 23rd of August 1939 eliminated the possibility of a Soviet-Allied coalition that Turkish security policy depended on. He also judged that Turkey, still recovering from wars between 1908 and 1922, lacked the weapons and infrastructure to fight a modern war along its borders. Turkey only declared war on Germany and Japan on the 25th of February 1945, months before the European war ended.
İnönü held Turkey's first multiparty elections in 1946 and, after the CHP lost the 1950 election, oversaw a peaceful transfer of power to the Democrat Party under Celâl Bayar and Adnan Menderes. He had publicly called for an opposition party in a Grand National Assembly speech on the 1st of November 1945, and his broadcast of the 12th of July 1947 committing to equal distance from government and opposition was a key step in that transition.
İnönü was in opposition when the Turkish Armed Forces overthrew the Democrat government on the 27th of May 1960. After one year of junta rule and the Yassıada Trials, İnönü returned as prime minister following the 1961 election. He argued for pardoning the executed former prime minister Menderes, though right-wing parties blamed the CHP for Menderes' hanging.
İsmet İnönü died of a heart attack on the 25th of December 1973 at the age of 89. He was buried on the 28th of December at Anıtkabir in Ankara, in a tomb positioned directly opposite the mausoleum of Atatürk.