Short answers, pulled from the story.
Hubert Dreyfus was an American philosopher born on the 15th of October 1929, in Terre Haute, Indiana, who taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He was widely known for his sustained philosophical critique of artificial intelligence research and for his close reading of Martin Heidegger, which critics nicknamed "Dreydegger."
Dreyfus identified four assumptions underlying AI research: the biological assumption (the brain is like hardware, the mind like software), the psychological assumption (the mind computes on discrete symbols), the epistemological assumption (all activity can be formalized in predictive rules), and the ontological assumption (reality consists of mutually independent atomic facts). He argued that because human behavior is context-bound, any research program built on these assumptions would face profound theoretical and practical problems.
Dreyfus argued that genuinely human-like intelligence requires a human-like being-in-the-world, a body broadly like ours, and social acculturation in a society like ours. He did not claim computers could never beat humans at chess; in Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence he only described the state of the art at the time, noting no chess program could yet play even amateur chess.
What Computers Can't Do, first published in 1972, was Dreyfus's landmark critique of artificial intelligence and was eventually translated into at least ten languages. A second edition appeared in 1979 and a third in 1992 under the retitled What Computers Still Can't Do.
Dreyfus joined the University of California, Berkeley, as an associate professor in 1968 and was promoted to full professor in 1972. He retired from his chair in 1994 but continued teaching in the Graduate School and the rhetoric department until his last class in December 2016, giving him a Berkeley career of nearly five decades.
Dreyfus met Heidegger during his time at the University of Freiburg from 1953 to 1954, while on a Harvard Sheldon traveling fellowship. Sean D. Kelly recorded that Dreyfus found the meeting disappointing, and Dreyfus touched on the encounter himself during his 1987 BBC interview with Bryan Magee.