Short answers, pulled from the story.
The House of Tudor ruled England from 1485 to 1603, a period of 118 years. The dynasty began when Henry VII defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field on the 22nd of August 1485, and ended when Elizabeth I died childless at Richmond Palace on the 24th of March 1603.
The House of Tudor produced five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. Lady Jane Grey is sometimes counted as a sixth Tudor monarch; she was named queen on the 10th of July 1553 but relinquished the throne nine days later and was executed on the 12th of February 1554.
The Tudor name derived from Owen Tudor, whose full Welsh patronymic was Owain ap Maredudd ap Tudur ap Goronwy. Owen abandoned the Welsh naming tradition when he was knighted, choosing the name of his grandfather Tudur ap Goronwy as a fixed surname. The word Tudor traces to Proto-Celtic roots meaning roughly "people" and "king." Owen served as a bodyguard to Catherine of Valois and is believed to have secretly married her around 1428.
Henry VIII sought an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon because she had not produced a male heir and he had become enamoured of Anne Boleyn. The Pope, under pressure from Catherine's nephew Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, refused to grant the annulment. Parliament then enacted legislation severing England from Rome and declaring Henry Supreme Head of the Church of England, allowing Archbishop Thomas Cranmer to dissolve the marriage.
Elizabeth I never married for several interconnected reasons. She witnessed the disasters that marriage brought to women in her family, including her mother Anne Boleyn's execution and her sister Mary I's deeply unpopular marriage to Philip II of Spain. She also refused to enter into a foreign match with a man she had never met. The closest she came was a courtship by Francis, Duke of Anjou, between 1579 and 1581, but public opposition and her age of forty-eight by 1581 ended the possibility.
The Tudor dynasty ended when Elizabeth I died childless at Richmond Palace on the 24th of March 1603. Her chief minister William Cecil had arranged for James VI of Scotland, a great-grandson of Henry VII's daughter Margaret Tudor, to succeed her. James became James VI and I, the first Stuart king of England, uniting the English and Scottish crowns.