Short answers, pulled from the story.
The House of Tudor began in the early 1400s when Owen Tudor abandoned Welsh patronymic naming practices to adopt a fixed surname. Owen Tudur served as a bodyguard for Queen Catherine of Valois after Henry V died in 1422, and evidence suggests they were secretly married in 1428.
Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field on the 22nd of August 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses. He took the throne by right of conquest following this victory and proclaimed himself King Henry VII to secure his hold on England.
Anne Boleyn was arrested along with six courtiers in 1536 and executed in May after being found guilty of high treason and incest. These charges allowed Henry to marry Jane Seymour, who produced a son named Edward VI following Henry's death in 1547.
Lady Mary became queen after Edward VI died on the 6th of July 1553, though Lady Jane Grey briefly claimed the throne starting on the 10th of July. Lady Jane and her husband Lord Guildford Dudley were sentenced to death and beheaded on the 12th of February 1554 while she was only seventeen years old.
The most dangerous threat to the Tudor line during Elizabeth's reign was the Spanish Armada of 1588 launched by Philip II of Spain, which lost due to bad weather and English naval skills. Domestic tensions included Yorkist risings against Henry VII and later uprisings like the Western Rebellion of 1549 and the Northern Rebellion of 1569 led by Charles Neville and Thomas Percy.