Short answers, pulled from the story.
Henry Tudor became king of England on the 22nd of August 1485 after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth. He seized the crown by right of conquest rather than inheriting it through traditional succession. This victory ended the Wars of the Roses and began the Tudor dynasty which ruled for 118 years.
Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church to secure an annulment from Pope Clement VII so he could marry Anne Boleyn. The Pope refused the annulment due to pressure from Catherine of Aragon's nephew Charles V. Henry then passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534 to declare himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
Edward VI succeeded Henry VIII as king of England on the 28th of January 1547 at the age of nine. He was the only legitimate son of Henry VIII to survive infancy and died in 1553 after a brief reign of Protestant reform. His death led to the succession of his half-sister Mary I.
Elizabeth I died on the 24th of March 1603 at Richmond Palace ending the Tudor dynasty. Her successor was James VI of Scotland who became the first Stuart monarch to rule England. James was a great-grandson of Margaret Tudor and united the Scottish and English thrones.
Henry VIII had three children who survived to adulthood: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward. Mary was born to Catherine of Aragon and Elizabeth was born to Anne Boleyn. Edward was born to Jane Seymour and became king after Henry's death.