Short answers, pulled from the story.
Cain committed the first recorded homicide in human history by killing his brother Abel. This fratricide established the foundational narrative of human violence and the earliest understanding of killing as a transgression against divine and social order.
Draco first codified the difference between intentional killing and killing in the heat of passion in the 7th century BC. This legal distinction dates back to ancient Athens and established the concept of premeditation that separates murder from manslaughter.
Democide is defined by political scientist Rudolph Rummel as murder committed by government. This term encompasses extrajudicial killings and systematic acts of homicide that are often excluded from domestic legal definitions of murder.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime reported that 468,000 homicides occurred globally in 2010. More than a third of these homicides took place in Africa and 31 percent occurred in the Americas.
Homicide rates in Europe reached 32 deaths per 100,000 people during the 13th and 14th centuries. This figure represents the highest local levels of violence in Europe during the mid-second millennium.
Firearms accounted for 76.7 percent of all homicides in the United States in 2020. The National Violent Death Reporting System recorded 18,439 cases of single homicide that year with a rate of 6.7 per 100,000 inhabitants.