Short answers, pulled from the story.
The institution became fully-fledged based in Westminster by 1154. Royal treasures had previously been kept at Winchester but stored more flexibly under Edward the Confessor.
The English Civil War broke out in the 1640s causing the Exchequer to collapse into ad hoc committees. Parliament won a permanent role in the treasury during the 1660 Stuart Restoration.
Chancellor Charles Townshend introduced tax legislation in 1767 which ultimately ignited rebellion in America. This event occurred before the Northcote-Trevelyan Report issued in 1854 set the stage for staffing shifts within the Treasury.
Blitz bombing damaged the Treasury building leading it to move to 1 Horse Guards Road during the Second World War. Additional offices exist in Darlington Edinburgh and Norwich supporting regional financial operations nationwide.
Sir Tom Scholar was sacked by Chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng and Prime Minister Liz Truss in 2022 described as unprecedented. The Permanent Secretary position held by James Bowler since October 2022 coordinates across Whitehall departments.