Short answers, pulled from the story.
Ancient Egypt spans from the early prehistoric settlements of the northern Nile valley through the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The pharaonic period specifically began around the 32nd century BC, when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified, and ended in 332 BC when Egypt fell under Macedonian rule.
Archaeological evidence points to Narmer, the final king of the Naqada III period, as the first ruler to claim to have united the two lands, based on scenes depicted on the Narmer Palette. According to Manetho, the first pharaoh was Menes, who is now thought to be one of the titles of Hor-Aha, the second pharaoh of the First Dynasty.
Khufu, also known by the Greek name Cheops, erected the Great Pyramid of Giza. His son Khafre and grandson Menkaure completed the Giza pyramid complex. Their father and dynasty founder Sneferu is believed to have commissioned at least three pyramids of his own and moved more stone and brick than any other pharaoh.
The Hyksos were a people of Levantine descent who first appeared in Egypt around 1650 BC, seizing control of Avaris and moving rapidly south to Memphis. Their leader Salitis founded the Fifteenth Dynasty. Scholars debate whether their takeover was military conquest or large-scale migration; either way, the weakened Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties could not resist them.
The first known strike in recorded history occurred in Year 29 of Ramesses III's reign, when food rations could not be provided to the royal tomb-builders and artisans living in the village of Deir el-Medina in Egypt.
Akhenaten, born Amenhotep IV, practiced the exclusive worship of the Aten, often called Atenism, which is widely described as history's first instance of monotheism. He built a new capital at Amarna and introduced a distinctive artistic style that diverged from Egyptian convention. After his death, successors including Tutankhamun and Horemheb restored the old gods and defaced or destroyed much Amarna-era art and architecture.