Short answers, pulled from the story.
Herodotus of Halicarnassus earned the title father of history by producing The Histories during the fifth century BC. He traveled extensively across Mediterranean cultures to gather written accounts while attempting to distinguish between more reliable and less reliable sources.
Edward Gibbon released The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire on the 17th of February 1776 earning approximately £9000 for its sales. This work stands as a major publication in historical literature alongside other significant texts from the era.
Justice Gray relied heavily on research comparing illegitimate distortion of historical record practiced by Holocaust deniers with established historical methodologies. Wendie E. Schneider distilled seven points from Gray's judgment suggesting concept could aid assessing what makes historian suitable as expert witnesses under Daubert standard in United States.
Graduate students finishing doctorate in United States take average 8 or more years facing scarce funding except at few very rich universities. Teaching assistant positions required in some programs offering paid opportunities awarded fraction of students until 1970s when graduate programs rarely taught how to teach.
Herbert Butterfield coined the term Whig history in his short book The Whig Interpretation of History published in 1931 referring to approach presenting past as inevitable progression toward liberty and enlightenment. This concept remains a key point of discussion among professional historians regarding objectivity.