Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Spanish conquest of the Americas began in 1492 and continued through 1531, during the reign of King Fernando V and Queen Isabella. Christopher Columbus first landed in the Caribbean islands while searching for a sea route to Asia.
These were two formal social institutions the Spanish created in their American colonies in the early 1540s. The Republica de Espanoles was composed of Spanish settlers and their African slaves, while the Republica de Indios was composed of Indigenous peoples; they were a racial hierarchy encoded in law.
Most Hispanic American countries achieved independence between 1808 and 1826. The process was triggered by Napoleon's intervention in Spain in 1808, and by 1830 only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish control, until the Spanish-American War of 1898.
According to 1514 census records, 40 percent of Spanish men in the colony of Santo Domingo had Taino wives. Dominican historian Frank Moya Pons documented this intermarriage as the origin of a tri-racial Creole culture.
Several indigenous languages hold official status alongside Spanish. In Bolivia, Aymara, Quechua, and Guarani are all co-official. In Peru, Quechua is official. In Paraguay, Guarani is co-official and spoken by a majority. In Nicaragua, English and indigenous languages including Miskito, Sumo, and Rama are official on the Caribbean coast.
Angel Camblor, a captain in the Uruguayan army, created the flag in October 1933. It was adopted by all states of Spanish America at the Pan-American Conference held that same year in Montevideo, Uruguay.