Short answers, pulled from the story.
Henry VIII was written collaboratively by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher. Fletcher was Shakespeare's successor as the principal playwright of the King's Men. The collaborative authorship was first proposed in 1850 by James Spedding and is now accepted by most modern scholars.
The play was originally titled All Is True. The title Henry VIII did not appear in print until the First Folio of 1623.
During a performance of Henry VIII on the 29th of June 1613, a cannon used for a special effect ignited the theatre's thatched roof and beams. The fire destroyed the original Globe Theatre completely.
Henry VIII is believed to have been first performed as part of the ceremonies celebrating the marriage of Princess Elizabeth in 1612-1613. The first recorded performance was on the 29th of June 1613, the same occasion on which the Globe Theatre burned down.
Stylometric analysis identified the collaboration. James Spedding first raised the theory in 1850 based on eleven-syllable line patterns. In 1962, Cyrus Hoy independently reached the same conclusions by tracking Fletcher's characteristic word choices, including the use of "ye" for "you" and "em" for "them."
Shakespeare drew primarily on Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles for the play's historical material. Additional scenes, including Katherine of Aragon's plea before the Legatine Court, were adapted from the 1570 edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs.