Short answers, pulled from the story.
Henry VIII was King of England and Lord of Ireland from the 22nd of April 1509 until his death in 1547, and King of Ireland from 1542. Born on the 28th of June 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, he took the throne at the age of 17.
Henry VIII broke from Rome after Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who had produced no surviving male heir. The Acts of Supremacy in 1534 recognised Henry as the only Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England, and the pope excommunicated him.
Henry VIII had six wives. He annulled his marriages to Catherine of Aragon and Anne of Cleves, beheaded Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard for treason, lost Jane Seymour to an infection after childbirth, and was survived by his last wife, Catherine Parr.
The dissolution of the monasteries was Henry VIII's seizure of England's religious houses and their wealth. Beginning in January 1536 with houses worth less than 200 pounds, around 800 had been dissolved by January 1540, transferring a fifth of England's landed wealth to the crown and new owners.
Three of Henry VIII's children became English monarchs: Edward VI, his son by Jane Seymour; Mary I, his daughter by Catherine of Aragon; and Elizabeth I, his daughter by Anne Boleyn. Edward VI succeeded Henry at the age of nine in 1547.
Henry VIII died at the age of 55 on the 28th of January 1547 at the Palace of Whitehall. His obesity hastened his death, after a 1536 jousting accident left him with a chronic ulcerated leg wound, and he was interred at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, next to Jane Seymour.