Short answers, pulled from the story.
Henry II of France died on the 10th of July 1559 from sepsis following a jousting accident. During a tournament on the 30th of June 1559, a fragment of the splintered lance of Gabriel de Montgomery, captain of the King's Scottish Guard, struck Henry in the eye. Despite treatment by royal surgeons Ambroise Paré and Andreas Vesalius, the untreated eye and brain damage led to his death.
Diane de Poitiers was a widow who became the longtime mistress of Henry II of France. Henry first met her as a young child when she embraced him on the day he left France as a hostage for Spain. He became romantically involved with her the year after his 1533 marriage to Catherine de' Medici, and the relationship continued until his death in 1559. After Henry died, Catherine de' Medici sent Diane into exile.
The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1551-1559. Henry II signed separate agreements with Elizabeth I on the 2nd of April 1559 and with Philip II of Spain on the 3rd of April 1559 at Le Cateau-Cambrésis. Under its terms, France surrendered its claims in Italy and restored Piedmont and Savoy, but retained Calais and the Three Bishoprics of Toul, Verdun, and Metz.
The Edict of Châteaubriant, issued on the 27th of June 1551, was a law that organized the persecution of French Protestants known as Huguenots. It directed civil and ecclesiastical courts to detect and punish heretics, awarded informers one-third of a convicted Huguenot's property, and prohibited the sale, import, or printing of any unapproved book.
Catherine de' Medici bore Henry II ten children. Among them were three sons who became kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Henry also had three illegitimate children by other women, including Diane, duchesse d'Angoulême, born in 1538.
Henry II of France introduced the concept of publishing the description of an invention in the form of a patent specification, requiring inventors to publicly disclose their invention in exchange for monopoly rights. The first patent specification under this system was submitted by the inventor Abel Foullon for a rangefinder device called the Usaige & Description de l'holmetre, though publication was delayed until after the patent expired in 1561.