Short answers, pulled from the story.
Archaeological sites reveal that prehistoric cultures such as the Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture were active since the Neolithic Era. The Erlitou culture has been controversially identified with the Xia dynasty, which was established roughly in the 21st century BC.
The Shang dynasty lasted from the 16th to the 11th centuries BC before its last capital of Yin sat in modern Anyang. This location is where the first Chinese writing was created on oracle bones.
Kaifeng has been buried by the Yellow River's silt seven times due to flooding. In 1938, the government led by Chiang Kai-shek bombed the Huayuankou dam in Zhengzhou to prevent Japanese forces from advancing further.
Henan is the fifth-largest provincial economy in China with a nominal GDP of US$926 billion in 2021. It surpasses the GDP of Turkey which was US$815 billion that same year.
The hukou system shows Henan as the most populous province in China with over 103 million people when counting migrant laborers as residents. Only 85.14 million are considered permanent residents of their registered households.