Short answers, pulled from the story.
Harold Godwinson, also known as Harold II, was the last crowned Anglo-Saxon king of England. He reigned from the 6th of January 1066 until his death at the Battle of Hastings on the 14th of October 1066, making him the final English king before the Norman Conquest began under William the Conqueror.
Harold became king after his brother-in-law King Edward the Confessor died on the 5th of January 1066 without a clear designated heir. The Witenagemot, the council of English nobles, convened the following day and chose Harold to succeed Edward. His coronation followed on the 6th of January, most likely in Westminster Abbey, making him probably the first English monarch crowned there.
Harold was killed at the Battle of Hastings on the 14th of October 1066, after nine hours of fighting at Senlac Hill near the present town of Battle. His brothers Gyrth and Leofwine also died in the battle. The exact circumstances of his death are disputed: Norman sources describe being lanced and dismembered, while twelfth-century accounts mention an arrow wound to the head or eye.
The arrow-to-the-eye account is disputed by scholars. The earliest Norman account, the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, describes Harold being lanced and dismembered, not shot. The famous image in the Bayeux Tapestry showing a figure with an arrow in his eye may reflect modifications made as late as 1816, when Charles Stothard reproduced the tapestry after it was damaged during the French Revolution.
Norman sources, including the Bayeux Tapestry, state that Harold swore an oath on sacred relics to support William of Normandy's claim to the English throne, during his visit to Normandy around 1064. After Harold accepted the English crown, the Normans argued he had broken this oath. Pope Alexander II formally endorsed William's invasion on this basis, declaring him the rightful heir.
The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place on the 25th of September 1066, near York. Harold's army marched from London to Yorkshire in four days and caught the invading Norwegian force of Harald Hardrada and Harold's brother Tostig by surprise. Both Hardrada and Tostig were killed in the battle, decisively ending the Norwegian claim to England.
Harold's burial place is uncertain. William of Poitiers records that his body, unidentifiable by face, was given to William Malet for burial, with Norman sources suggesting burial by the seashore. Harold's strong association with Bosham in Sussex, and the discovery of an Anglo-Saxon coffin there in 1954, led to speculation that he was buried there, but a request to exhume the grave was refused by the Diocese of Chichester in December 2003. Separate legends link his burial to Waltham Abbey in Essex, which he had refounded in 1060.