Short answers, pulled from the story.
Haplogroup R1b, also known as R-M343, is a human Y-chromosome lineage passed from father to son. It is the most frequently occurring paternal lineage in Western Europe, reaching ninety-two percent in Wales and up to ninety-five percent in parts of Ireland. It also appears at high frequencies in parts of Central Africa, particularly among Chadic-speaking communities in northern Cameroon.
The oldest confirmed carrier of R1b is Villabruna 1, a Western Hunter-Gatherer buried in the Cismon valley of what is now Veneto, Italy, roughly fourteen thousand years ago. He belonged to the Epigravettian culture and carried the R1b1a subclade.
Ancient DNA studies, including work by Olalde et al. in 2017, trace the spread of R1b-M269 in Western Europe to the expansion of the Beaker culture, with a sudden appearance of the haplogroup roughly five thousand to four thousand five hundred years ago at the start of the Bronze Age. Earlier studies in 2015 linked R1b to migrations from the West Eurasian Steppe alongside the spread of Indo-European languages.
D'Atanasio et al. in 2018 proposed that R1b-V88 originated in Europe about twelve thousand years ago and crossed to North Africa between eight thousand and seven thousand years ago during the Green Sahara period. The main African subclade, R1b-V1589, then expanded around five thousand five hundred years ago likely from the Lake Chad Basin, giving rise to the very high frequencies found today among Chadic-speaking groups in Cameroon.
DNA testing on the mummy of Tutankhamun found the Y-haplogroup R1b1a2. He inherited this lineage from his father, the KV55 mummy widely believed to be Akhenaten, and his grandfather Amenhotep III of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
The House of Bourbon, which has ruled as kings in France, Spain, and other European countries, carries the R1b1b haplogroup. DNA testing has confirmed this lineage in the dynasty.