Short answers, pulled from the story.
Guru Tegh Bahadur was born on the 1st of April 1621 in Amritsar as the youngest son of the sixth Sikh Guru, Hargobind. He was originally named Tyag Mal before earning the title meaning Brave Sword after displaying valor in the Battle of Kartarpur.
Guru Tegh Bahadur was recognized as the ninth Sikh Guru in August 1664 after a wealthy trader named Makhan Shah Labana tested him with a vow of 500 gold coins. The young man correctly identified the remaining 498 coins owed, prompting Makhan Shah to declare him the true Guru from a rooftop.
Guru Tegh Bahadur was publicly beheaded on the 11th of November 1675 in Chandni Chowk, a market square close to the Red Fort in Delhi. The execution was ordered directly by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb after the Guru refused to convert to Islam or perform a miracle.
Guru Tegh Bahadur sacrificed his life to protect the right of Kashmiri Pandits to practice their faith under oppressive policies enforced by the governor Iftikhar Khan. He chose to face death rather than convert to Islam or perform a miracle to prove his divinity to the Mughal state.
The 24th of November is commemorated annually as Shaheedi Divas to mark the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur. This public holiday in certain parts of India honors the ninth Guru for giving up his life to protect the freedom of the oppressed to practice their own religion.