Short answers, pulled from the story.
Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States, measured from the geographic center of the country. Its capital is Hagatna, and its most populous village is Dededo.
The Chamorro are the indigenous people of Guam, related to the Austronesian peoples of the Malay Archipelago, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Polynesia. They settled Guam and the Mariana Islands approximately 3,500 years ago. They remain the largest single ethnic group but are a minority on the multiethnic island.
The United States captured Guam in June 1898 during the Spanish-American War, and Spain ceded the island under the Treaty of Paris of 1898. Control passed to the U.S. Navy on the 23rd of December 1898, by Executive Order 108-A from President William McKinley. Captain Richard P. Leary became the first naval governor in 1899.
Japan invaded and occupied Guam beginning on the 8th of December 1941, at the same time as the attack on Pearl Harbor, and held it for about 31 months. American forces recaptured the island in the 1944 Battle of Guam, fought from the 21st of July to the 10th of August. The 21st of July is commemorated as Liberation Day.
Guam residents cannot vote for president because Guam is not a U.S. state and has no votes in the Electoral College. Their only representation in Congress is a non-voting delegate in the House of Representatives, currently Republican James Moylan. They do vote for party delegates in presidential primaries and send delegates to the national conventions.
Guam's economy depends primarily on tourism, U.S. Department of Defense installations, and locally owned businesses. Tourism provides over 21,000 jobs, about one-third of the island's workforce, drawing visitors mainly from Japan and South Korea. The U.S. military controls about 29 percent of the island and treats Guam as a major strategic asset.
The introduction of the brown tree snake caused the local extinction of endemic bird species on Guam. Of 14 kinds of terrestrial birds the island once hosted, all but one are now extinct, extirpated, or endangered. The Guam rail became the second bird species ever to be downlisted from Extinct in the Wild after a population was established on Cocos Island.