Short answers, pulled from the story.
Peter the Great began ruling Russia alone in 1696 following the death of his half-brother Ivan V. He had ascended to the throne at age 10 in 1682 but ruled jointly until that time.
In 1708, Peter the Great abolished old national subdivisions called uyezds and established eight governorates including Moscow and Ingermanland. A decree in 1713 created Landrats in each governorate staffed by between eight and twelve professional civil servants to assist royally-appointed governors.
Peter the Great created the Table of Ranks in 1722 to replace hereditary state positions held by elitist Boyars with a system based on service and loyalty. The formal list allowed commoners to work up through bureaucratic hierarchy through hard work and skill while establishing complex titles from I to XIV.
Peter the Great funded the war by monopolizing strategic industries like salt and vodka while taxing cultural customs such as bathing and wearing beards. He issued tax stamps for paper goods and replaced household taxes with a sweeping poll tax assessing each peasant individually for 70 kopeks paid in cash.
Peter the Great introduced copper coinage and reduced silver content in rubles from one-half to one-quarter ounce starting in 1704 when five Moscow mints became fully operational. This devalued ruble became equivalent to contemporary thalers used in other European nations at the time.