Short answers, pulled from the story.
Peter the Great's sweeping reforms began after the death of his half-brother Ivan V in 1696, though most of the major decrees were issued between 1700 and 1721 during the Great Northern War. Peter had come to the throne in 1682 at the age of ten, initially ruling jointly with Ivan.
The Table of Ranks, known in Russian as the Tabel' o rangakh, was a formal hierarchy of positions in the Russian military, government, and royal court, established in 1722. It assigned each rank a number from I to XIV based on level of service to the tsar, replacing the old system of hereditary noble privilege and allowing commoners to rise through merit. It remained in force until the Russian Revolution of 1917.
In 1708, Peter abolished the old system of uyezds and replaced them with eight governorates called guberniyas: Moscow, Ingermanland, Kiev, Smolensk, Archangelgorod, Kazan, Azov, and Siberian. A further decree in 1713 established Landrats in each governorate, staffed by eight to twelve professional civil servants.
The Governing Senate, or Pravitel'stvuyushchiy Senat, was created by imperial decree on the 22nd of February 1711. It originally had ten members personally appointed by Peter from among his own associates, and all subsequent appointments and resignations required personal imperial decrees.
Peter replaced a household tax on cultivated land with an individual poll tax of 70 kopeks per peasant, paid in cash. The result was that Russia's treasury expanded almost sixfold between 1680 and 1724.
Peter's monetary reform reduced the silver content of a ruble from 40 grams to 28 grams and introduced copper coinage. The reformed currency system was fully in place by 1704. By 1707, British envoy Charles Whitworth recorded that 110 kopeks equaled 1 British crown, worth 5 shillings, whereas previously 1 ruble had been worth 10 shillings.