Short answers, pulled from the story.
Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto, published in 1764, was the first work to be labeled Gothic fiction. Walpole initially presented it as a translation of a medieval Italian manuscript, only revealing himself as the author in the second edition, where he added the subtitle A Gothic Story.
Ann Radcliffe and Matthew Lewis were called the two most significant Gothic novelists of the 1790s. Radcliffe represented a feminine, rational Gothic, while Lewis was associated with a more violently horrifying male Gothic. Radcliffe's final novel, The Italian, published in 1797, was written in direct response to Lewis's The Monk from 1796.
The 1816 ghost story competition at the Villa Diodati on the banks of Lake Geneva, hosted by Lord Byron, produced two landmark Gothic works: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus, published in 1818, and John William Polidori's The Vampyre, published in 1819. Cultural critic Christopher Frayling described The Vampyre as one of the most influential works of fiction ever written.
Edmund Burke's 1757 treatise A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful is credited with codifying the Gothic emotional experience. Burke argued that the Sublime produced the strongest emotion the mind could feel, that Terror most often evoked the Sublime, and that Obscurity was necessary to sustain Terror.
Le Fanu's Carmilla, published in 1872 as part of the collection In a Glass Darkly, provided fresh momentum to the vampire strand of Gothic fiction and directly influenced Bram Stoker's Dracula in 1897. Stoker's novel created the most famous Gothic villain in the tradition and established Transylvania and Eastern Europe as the defining landscape of Gothic horror.
Gothic rock as a music genre emerged in late 1970s England. The first recorded use of the term gothic rock to describe music appeared in an October 1967 review by critic John Stickney in The Williams Record, applied to the Doors. Bauhaus's debut single Bela Lugosi's Dead, released in late 1979, is retrospectively considered the founding moment of gothic rock as a genre.