Short answers, pulled from the story.
The prophet Zoroaster introduced the dualistic worldview of good and evil in ancient Iran around the 6th century BC. He simplified the complex pantheon of early Iranian gods into two opposing forces: Ahura Mazda, the Illuminating Wisdom, and Angra Mainyu, the Destructive Spirit.
The absolute sense of Greek morality emerged around 400 BC with pre-Socratic philosophy, particularly Democritus. Morality in this absolute sense solidified in the dialogues of Plato, who introduced the concept of the Form of the Good.
Carl Jung depicted evil as the dark side of the Devil in his book Answer to Job. He argued that people tend to believe evil is something external because they project their shadow onto others and that the divine itself contains the capacity for evil.
The Bahá'í Faith asserts that evil is non-existent and is a concept for the lacking of good. This view compares evil to cold, which is the state of no heat.
The Indian term for ethics or morality in Buddhism is Śīla, a code of conduct that embraces a commitment to harmony and self-restraint. The principal motivation for Śīla is nonviolence.
Niccolò Machiavelli was the 16th-century Florentine writer who advised tyrants that it is far safer to be feared than loved. He offered treachery, deceit, and eliminating political rivals as methods of stabilizing the prince's security and power.