Short answers, pulled from the story.
Charles Camproux published a definition in 1974 that included only the langues d'oïl and Franco-Provençal. This narrow classification excludes other Romance varieties found further south or east.
Old Gallo-Romance appeared in the Oaths of Strasbourg written in 842 AD within the northern half of France. Historical records show these languages spread across Flanders, Alsace, Lorraine, Wallonia, Belgium, Channel Islands, Switzerland, and Northern Italy.
The historical border between Northern and Southern varieties is known as the Von Wartburg line. At its broadest extent the area encompasses Southern France, Catalonia, the Valencian Community, Balearic islands, Andorra, and Northern Italy.
Old Occitan preserved a two-case system until around the 13th century while Old Catalan lost it earlier. Nouns, adjectives, and determiners carried full case markings inherited from Latin nominative and accusative forms.
Pierre Bec, Andreas Schorta, Heinrich Schmid, and Geoffrey Hull proposed Rhaeto-Cisalpine or Padanian as a single linguistic unity. This theory includes Venetian and Istriot languages whose Italianate features are considered superficial.