Short answers, pulled from the story.
Galileo Galilei was born in the year 1564 in Pisa to Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati. He moved to Florence when he turned eight years old after spending two years under the care of Muzio Tedaldi.
By August 1609 Galileo demonstrated an early telescope with about eight times magnification to Venetian lawmakers. He later improved the design to reach thirty times magnification for astronomical use within months.
The court found him vehemently suspect of heresy on the 22nd of June 1633 because his book Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems appeared to mock geocentrism. This led to a formal recantation and commuted sentence of house arrest at his villa near Arcetri.
Galileo Galilei measured how distance traveled related to time elapsed during uniform acceleration starting from rest using inclined planes. His findings showed that distance increased proportionally with the square of elapsed time expressed mathematically as d equals t squared.
General prohibition was removed from the Index of Prohibited Books in 1758 with final dropping occurring in 1835 eliminating all traces of official opposition. Pope John Paul II acknowledged error condemning Galileo asserting Earth revolves Sun on the 31st of October 1992 statement recognizing theologians failed distinguish Bible interpretation from text itself.