Short answers, pulled from the story.
Futurism was founded in Milan, Italy in 1909 by the Italian art theorist and poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Marinetti launched the movement by publishing his Manifesto of Futurism on the 5th of February 1909 in La gazzetta dell'Emilia, and then in the French daily Le Figaro on the 20th of February 1909.
Futurism emphasized dynamism, speed, technology, youth, and violence, glorifying modern objects such as the car, the airplane, and the industrial city. The movement aimed, in its own words, to liberate Italy from the weight of its past, and it actively condemned museums, traditional art, and anything it regarded as imitative or backward.
Unique Forms of Continuity in Space is a 1913 bronze sculpture by Umberto Boccioni representing a striding figure meant to capture the relationship between an object and its environment. Cast in bronze posthumously, it is exhibited at the Tate Modern and appears on the national side of Italian 20 eurocent coins.
Intonarumori were acoustic noise generators invented by Luigi Russolo that allowed performers to create and control the dynamics and pitch of several different types of noises. Russolo and Marinetti gave the first public concert using these instruments in 1914, and the intonarumori went on to influence composers including Stravinsky, Edgar Varese, Stockhausen, and John Cage.
Marinetti founded the Futurist Political Party in early 1918, which was absorbed into Mussolini's Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in 1919, making Marinetti one of the first members of the National Fascist Party. Futurism's association with Fascism brought official acceptance in Italy after 1922 but damaged the careers of many Futurist artists after the Second World War.
Aeropainting, known in Italian as aeropittura, was a major expression of the second generation of Futurism that began in 1926, using the experience of flight to offer aeroplanes and aerial landscape as new subject matter. It was launched formally with the 1929 manifesto Perspectives of Flight, signed by Marinetti and several other artists including Depero, Dottori, and Tato.