Short answers, pulled from the story.
France began occupying the island's northern and western territories in 1882. This action followed an alliance that had held since May 1862 when Britain instructed its envoy to keep Madagascar away from foreign powers.
Queen Ranavalona III signed the treaty making Madagascar a French protectorate on December 17th of 1885. She took out a loan of ten million francs while disputing the agreement before surrendering Tananarive to French forces by September 1895.
Casualties among Malagasy fighters ranged from eleven thousand to eighty thousand according to estimates. One source reported that ninety thousand Malagasy people died during the brutal suppression which included summary executions torture forced regroupings and burning villages throughout affected areas.
France's socialist government enacted the Loi Cadre in 1956 renewing commitments to greater autonomy. This law provided universal suffrage as the basis for parliamentary government in each colony and dissolved separate electoral colleges.