Short answers, pulled from the story.
Francis Drake's circumnavigation ran from the 13th of December 1577 to the 26th of September 1580. It was authorised in secret by Queen Elizabeth I and began with a fleet of five ships. Drake returned to Plymouth aboard the sole surviving vessel, the Golden Hind, with 59 crew members.
Drake's largest single capture was the Spanish galleon Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion, taken on the 1st of March 1579. Her hold contained 80 pounds of royals of plate, 26 long tons of silver, a golden crucifix, and jewels totalling around 360,000 pesos, or roughly seven million pounds in modern terms. The entire haul from the voyage amounted to the equivalent of around 480 million pounds today.
Queen Elizabeth knighted Drake aboard the Golden Hind at Deptford on the 4th of April 1581 in recognition of his circumnavigation and the wealth he delivered to the English Crown. The ceremony was performed by the French diplomat Monsieur de Marchaumont. Investors in the voyage received a return of approximately 5,000 per cent.
Drake called the territory Nova Albion, Latin for New Britain, and claimed it for Queen Elizabeth I in June 1579. He anchored at an estuary now known as Drakes Estero, in what is today Northern California. The officially recognised location of his landing is Drakes Bay, California.
Thomas Doughty was tried for treachery and incitement to mutiny at Port San Julian in Patagonia. He was found guilty and beheaded on the 2nd of July 1578 at Drake's insistence. Drake held up the severed head and declared, 'behold the head of a traitor'.
The circumnavigation was one of the direct precursors to the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604. Drake's intrusion into the Pacific, which Spain considered its own closed sea, triggered immediate Spanish alarm and a failed attempt to colonise the Strait of Magellan. Drake himself later raided Santo Domingo, Cartagena de Indias, and Cadiz, deepening the conflict.