Short answers, pulled from the story.
FIFA was founded on the 21st of May 1904 in Paris, France. The founding members were the national associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain (represented by Real Madrid CF), Sweden, and Switzerland. The German Football Association declared its intention to affiliate on the same day via telegram.
FIFA comprises 211 national associations. This number exceeds the membership of the United Nations because FIFA has admitted associations from 23 non-sovereign entities, including the four Home Nations of the United Kingdom and the two special administrative regions of China: Hong Kong and Macau.
On the 27th of May 2015, Swiss authorities arrested several FIFA officials on US charges. The US Department of Justice indicted 14 FIFA officials and marketing executives for receiving approximately $150 million in bribes over approximately two decades. Charges included wire fraud, racketeering, and money laundering under the RICO act. Vice presidents Jeffrey Webb and Eugenio Figueredo were among those arrested.
The awarding of the 2022 World Cup to Qatar has been subject to widespread corruption allegations. A whistle-blower alleged that two FIFA executive committee members were paid $1.5 million to vote for Qatar. Leaked documents seen by The Sunday Times alleged that Qatari state-run television Al Jazeera secretly offered $400 million to FIFA for broadcasting rights just 21 days before Qatar was announced as host.
Gianni Infantino is the current president of FIFA. He was elected on the 26th of February 2016 at an extraordinary FIFA Congress session, after former president Sepp Blatter was suspended pending a corruption investigation.
VAR was permanently written into the Laws of the Game by the International Football Association Board on the 3rd of March 2018, though its use remains optional for competitions. FIFA had opposed video review for most of its history; as recently as 2008, president Sepp Blatter argued that football should be left "with errors" and that a man, not a machine, should make decisions.