Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word feudalism was first attested in a charter issued by Charles the Fat in the year 884. This charter introduced the term feodum, which may have originated from a Germanic root meaning cattle or movable goods before shifting to mean landed property.
The commendation ceremony consisted of two distinct parts: homage and the oath of fealty. During homage, the vassal knelt before the lord to promise military service and loyalty, while the oath of fealty reinforced this commitment with a sworn promise to fight for the lord at his command.
The 11th century in France witnessed a transformation known as the feudal revolution where the nature of the system shifted from a personal bond to a politics of land. As fiefs became hereditary holdings, the power of the state fragmented and counties and duchies broke down into smaller holdings controlled by castellans and lesser seigneurs.
The remnants of the feudal order in France were abolished on the night of the 4th of August 1789 when the National Assembly declared that the feudal system was entirely abolished. This decree was followed by the abolition of seigneurial dues which affected more than a quarter of the farmland in France.
Marc Bloch proposed the broader view of feudalism in 1939 that included the obligations of all three estates of the realm: the nobility, the clergy, and the peasantry. Bloch argued that the feudal order embraced society from top to bottom with peasants bound by manorialism performing physical labor in return for protection from their lords.
The last feudal regime in Scotland, that of the island of Sark, was abolished in December 2008 when the first democratic elections were held for the election of a local parliament. This marked the end of the feudal system in that region after it had lingered in parts of Central and Eastern Europe as late as the 1850s.