Short answers, pulled from the story.
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar was the second Shah of Qajar Iran, reigning from the 17th of June 1797 until his death on the 24th of October 1834. He was born on the 5th of August 1772 in Damghan and is remembered both for a cultural revival at court and for the territorial losses to Russia under the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay.
Under Fath-Ali Shah, Iran ceded its Caucasian territories to Russia through two treaties. The Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 transferred Georgia, southern Dagestan, and most of present-day Azerbaijan. The Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828 added the Erivan khanate, the Nakhchivan khanate, and the Talysh Khanate, along with a pledge to pay Russia 10 million in gold.
The Treaty of Turkmenchay was signed on the 21st of February 1828 by Hajji Mirza Abol Hasan Khan for Iran and General Ivan Paskevich for Russia. It ended the second Russo-Persian War, stripping Iran of the Erivan and Nakhchivan khanates and most of its remaining Caucasian territories, and required the resettlement of Armenians from Iran to the Caucasus.
Fath-Ali Shah reportedly had more than 1,000 spouses and was survived by fifty-seven sons and forty-six daughters, along with 296 grandsons and 292 granddaughters. A book published in England in 1874 cited different, higher figures, but the claim that he fathered more children than any man in history is considered inaccurate; Moulay Ismail ibn Sharif of Morocco is generally credited with that distinction.
Fath-Ali Shah commissioned extensive portraiture as a deliberate tool of royal self-promotion, and large-scale oil painting reached a height under his patronage previously unseen in any Islamic dynasty. He is recognizable in all 25 known portraits by his immense, deeply black beard. One portrait is held at the University of Oxford; another, by the artist Mihr Ali, is at the Brooklyn Museum.
The Shah Diamond was one of the largest gems in the Iranian royal crown jewels. Fath-Ali Shah sent it to Tsar Nicholas I in 1829 as part of a formal apology delivered by Prince Khosrow Mirza following the killing of Russian diplomat and playwright Alexander Griboyedov in the Massacre at the Russian Embassy in Tehran.