Short answers, pulled from the story.
Farrukhsiyar was the tenth Mughal emperor, ruling from 1713 to 1719. He was born on the 20th of August 1683 in Aurangabad and died on the 9th of April 1719 after being deposed, blinded, and killed in prison by the Sayyid brothers.
In 1717, Farrukhsiyar issued a farman granting the British East India Company the right to trade duty-free across the Mughal Empire in exchange for a yearly payment of 3,000 rupees. The grant was made in gratitude to company surgeon William Hamilton, who had treated the emperor's disease. Company officials abused the attached dastak passes for private trade, provoking conflict with the Nawab of Bengal that deepened over subsequent decades.
The Sayyid brothers were Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali Khan, two courtiers who helped Farrukhsiyar take the throne in 1713 and then held the real power of his reign. Abdullah Khan became wazir and Hussain Ali Khan became Commander-in-Chief, controlling the empire's strongest army divisions and acting without the emperor's approval.
Farrukhsiyar rose to power after his father Azim-ush-Shan was defeated and killed by Jahandar Shah in 1712. Allied with the Sayyid brothers, he defeated Jahandar Shah at the Battle of Samugarh on the 10th of January 1713 and proclaimed himself emperor the following day.
Banda Singh Bahadur, a Sikh leader who had captured parts of Punjab, surrendered after an eight-month siege at Gurdaspur in 1715 when he ran out of ammunition. He was brought to Delhi in an iron cage alongside 780 prisoners and thousands of severed heads used to terrorize the population. On the 19th of June 1716, Farrukhsiyar had Banda Singh Bahadur and his followers executed despite wealthy Khatris of Delhi offering money for their release.
In February 1719, Hussain Ali Khan entered Delhi with Maratha forces led by Balaji Vishwanath, and Abdullah Khan seized control of the palace. Farrukhsiyar fled to the women's quarters and was captured the same night. He was blinded and eventually killed in prison; the Sayyid brothers then crowned Prince Rafi-ud-darjat as the new emperor.