Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Factory Acts began in 1802 with the Health and Morals of Apprentices Act, introduced by Sir Robert Peel. This first act addressed concerns raised by medical men in Manchester about children employed in cotton mills, though it applied only to apprentices and went largely unenforced.
The Labour of Children, etc., in Factories Act 1833 established a professional Factory Inspectorate for the first time, giving inspectors the right to enter premises and act as magistrates. It limited children aged nine to thirteen to eight hours of work per day and required that they receive two hours of daily education. Children under nine were barred from factory employment, with an exception for silk mills.
Richard Oastler led the campaign outside Parliament, while Lord Ashley, who later became the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, led it inside Parliament. John Fielden, a Methodist mill owner and senior partner in one of the great cotton firms, was also a key supporter, giving generously of his time and money throughout the campaign.
The Factories Act 1847 limited weekly working hours in textile mills to 63 hours from the 1st of July 1847, falling to 58 hours from the 1st of May 1848. In practice this meant a ten-hour day for women and children under eighteen, reduced from the previous twelve hours. Lace and silk production were excluded from the act.
Graham's 1843 bill proposed schools effectively under Church of England control, with no formal Dissenter representation in management. Parliament received 13,369 petitions against the bill carrying 2,069,058 signatures. When Graham amended the education clauses, a further 11,839 petitions with 1,920,574 signatures followed, and the bill was eventually abandoned.
From the 1860s onward, more industries were brought within the Factory Acts after the Ten Hours Act showed no detrimental effect on the textile industry's prosperity. Acts followed for bleaching, dyeworks, lace work, calendaring, pottery, lucifer match making, and percussion cap manufacture. In 1867 the Factories Act was extended to all establishments employing fifty or more workers.