Questions about Evolutionary computation

Short answers, pulled from the story.

When did Alan Turing propose his method of genetic search?

Alan Turing proposed a method of genetic search in 1948. His paper remained unpublished until 1968, and he died in 1954.

Who initiated research into Evolutionary Programming within the United States?

Lawrence J. Fogel initiated research into Evolutionary Programming within the United States in 1962. He considered it an artificial intelligence endeavor involving finite state machines solving prediction problems.

What year was the journal Evolutionary Computation founded by MIT Press?

The journal Evolutionary Computation was founded by MIT Press in 1993. Several other journals dedicated to evolutionary computation emerged starting that same year or shortly after.

How did Rechenberg and Schwefel initially perform calculations for evolution strategies?

Initially this optimization technique performed without computers relying instead on dice to determine random mutations. By 1965 calculations were performed wholly by machine allowing for greater precision and speed.

Which three branches emerged from early efforts in evolutionary computing during the 1950s and 1960s?

Three branches emerged in different places to attain this goal: evolution strategies, evolutionary programming, and genetic algorithms. A fourth branch called genetic programming eventually emerged in the early 1990s.