Short answers, pulled from the story.
English Dissenters were Protestants who separated from the Church of England between the 16th and 19th centuries, opposing state interference in religious matters. They generally believed the established church retained too much Catholic influence, though they disagreed on how to remedy that. Major dissenting denominations that emerged from this tradition include the Baptists, Congregationalists, Quakers, and Methodists.
English Dissenters emigrated to escape religious restrictions in England, especially after the Act of Uniformity 1662 required Anglican ordination for all clergy and limited Dissenters' rights following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The Brownists, followers of Robert Browne, founded the Plymouth Colony. Dissenters more broadly played a pivotal role in shaping the religious development of the United States.
The Act of Uniformity 1662 required Anglican ordination for all clergy in England. Many ministers who refused to comply withdrew from the established church and came to be known as Nonconformists. The Act followed the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, which had reinstalled the episcopacy abolished by Cromwell.
The Diggers were founded by Gerrard Winstanley in 1649 as True Levellers. They believed in economic equality based on a passage in the Book of Acts and attempted to reform the social order by levelling real property and establishing small egalitarian rural communities. They were English Protestant agrarian communists.
George Fox is often regarded as the father of Quakerism. His journal attributes the name "Quaker" to a judge in 1650, who called them that "because I bid them tremble before the Lord." Fox taught that the inward experience of Christ, confirmed by the Bible, was the foundation of the Religious Society of Friends.
Methodism split from the Church of England in the 1780s in the United States, linked to complications tied to the American Revolution, and in 1795 in Great Britain following John Wesley's death. The movement had originally operated within the Church of England; several ministers, including Wesley's brother Charles Wesley, remained in that church after the schism.