Short answers, pulled from the story.
The name England derives from the Angles, a Germanic tribe that settled in Great Britain during the 5th and 6th centuries. This tribal group originated from the Angeln region of what is now the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.
The Romans officially invaded Britain in 43 AD under Emperor Claudius, incorporating the territory into the Roman Empire as Britannia province. Native resistance included the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus and an uprising commanded by Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, which ended with her suicide after defeat at the Battle of Watling Street.
Duke William of Normandy won the Norman Conquest when he invaded at Hastings in October 1066. He displaced the English elite and replaced them with a French-speaking aristocracy, profoundly affecting the English language and establishing new political structures.
There has not been a government of England since 1707 when the Treaty of Union joined England and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Now it is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom based at the Palace of Westminster.
England includes the central and southern two-thirds of Great Britain plus offshore islands like the Isle of Wight and Isles of Scilly. It borders Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, while Scafell Pike reaches 978 meters as England's highest point located in the Lake District.