Short answers, pulled from the story.
Ancient Egyptian texts described electric fish as protectors of all other fish in 2750 BCE. These early records show that people knew about shocks from living creatures long before they understood electricity itself.
William Gilbert coined the Neo-Latin word electricus meaning of amber or like amber in his book De Magnete published in 1600. The English words electric and electricity first appeared in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.
In June 1752 Benjamin Franklin attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flew it in a storm-threatened sky. He showed sparks jumping from the key to his hand proving that lightning was indeed electrical in nature according to this experiment.
Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère recognized electromagnetism in 1819 and 1820 respectively. Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821 while Georg Ohm mathematically analyzed the electrical circuit in 1827.
A proton carries a charge of exactly 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs known as the elementary charge. No object can have a charge smaller than this value and any amount of charge is a multiple of it.