Short answers, pulled from the story.
Edmund Husserl (the 8th of April 1859 - the 27th of April 1938) was an Austrian-German philosopher and mathematician who founded phenomenology, one of the most influential philosophical movements of the twentieth century. He taught at the University of Halle, then Göttingen from 1901, then Freiburg from 1916 until retirement in 1928.
Husserl defined phenomenology as a rigorous science grounded in what he called the phenomenological reduction, or epoché: the practice of bracketing all assumptions about the existence of an external world in order to study the pure structure of consciousness. He argued that transcendental consciousness sets the limits of all possible knowledge.
Husserl argued that psychologism falsely treated logic and mathematics as branches of psychology, grounded in how minds actually work. His counter-argument was that logical and mathematical laws are a priori truths, independent of any mental process: counting five objects is a psychological act, but the number 5 is not. He developed this critique in Logische Untersuchungen, published in 1900-1901.
On the 6th of April 1933, Husserl was banned from using the library at the University of Freiburg under the Nazi racial laws, due to his Jewish family background. He resigned from the Deutsche Akademie in July of that year. His former student Martin Heidegger was elected Rector of the university and joined the Nazi Party in the same month Husserl was banned.
After Husserl died in Freiburg on the 27th of April 1938, the Franciscan priest Herman Van Breda smuggled approximately 40,000 pages of stenographic manuscripts and his complete research library to the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium in 1939. They were deposited there as the Husserl-Archives of the Higher Institute of Philosophy.
Husserl chose Heidegger as his successor at Freiburg and Heidegger served as his assistant from 1920 to 1923. Heidegger dedicated Being and Time to Husserl in 1926 in grateful respect and friendship. By 1929, however, Husserl had concluded that Heidegger had transformed phenomenology into anthropology by substituting Dasein for the pure ego, and he included pointed criticism of Heidegger in lectures he gave in 1931.