Short answers, pulled from the story.
Adam Smith published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776. This text became one of the first major works devoted entirely to economics.
A person can be hired as an economist by the United States Government provided they have a degree including or supplemented by 21 semester hours in economics. They also need three hours in statistics accounting or calculus.
In 2008 there were about 15,000 non-academic economists in the United States with a median salary of roughly $83,000. The top ten percent earned more than $147,040 annually.
Economists receive the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. This is their own major prize within the field.
Law No. 1,411 regulating the economist profession in Brazil was enacted on the 13th of August 1951. The professional designation is exclusive to those who graduated with a Bachelor of Economics degree in Brazil.