Short answers, pulled from the story.
William Anders took all three Earthrise photographs, including the famous color image, on the 24th of December, 1968. Mission commander Frank Borman claimed for years that he took the first shot, but later recanted after evidence from transcripts and a NASA Goddard video produced by Ernie Wright confirmed Anders as the photographer.
Earthrise was taken on the 24th of December, 1968, at 16:39:39.3 UTC, from lunar orbit during the Apollo 8 mission. Anders used a highly modified Hasselblad 500 EL camera loaded with custom Ektachrome film and a 250 mm lens.
NASA technicians drove four hours from Houston to Corpus Christi, Texas, to R&R Photo Studio and Color Labs, the only place in South Texas with color photo processing equipment capable of handling the astronauts' 220-size Ektachrome film. Owner Raul Rodriguez developed and printed the slides.
The original image was rotated 95 degrees clockwise so that Earth appears to rise over the moonscape, which better conveyed the sense of motion. The published photograph shows Earth rotated roughly 135 degrees from the familiar north-south-pole perspective, with south to the left.
Galen Rowell called Earthrise the most influential environmental photograph ever taken in Life's 2003 book 100 Photographs that Changed the World. Another author described its appearance as the beginning of the environmental movement. The photograph also appeared on the cover of the Spring 1969 issue of the Whole Earth Catalog.
On the 50th anniversary of taking the photograph, Anders stated: "We set out to explore the moon and instead discovered the Earth." He also said the photograph undercut his religious beliefs and that he became a close intellectual ally of Richard Dawkins.