Short answers, pulled from the story.
Henry VII landed on English soil in 1485 after his victory at the battle of Bosworth Field. This event marked the end of the Wars of the Roses and the beginning of a new era for the island.
Mary Queen of Scots was defeated at the Battle of Langside in 1568 while attempting to regain the throne by force. She had escaped from imprisonment in Lochleven Castle but failed to restore her power before being executed on orders of Elizabeth I.
Charles II landed at Dover amid great enthusiasm on the 26th of May 1660 after issuing Declaration of Breda promising generosity. Elite and popular opinion called for restoration of monarchy under Stuarts following widespread revulsion against intense moralism and high taxes of Rule of Major-Generals in 1657.
The Seven Years' War began in 1756 as first war waged on global scale fought in Europe India North America Caribbean Philippines and coastal Africa. Britain maintained relatively large and expensive Royal Navy along with small standing army while France and Spain went bankrupt.
Scotland advanced markedly in educational terms during the 15th century with the founding of the University of St Andrews in 1413. James III married Margaret of Denmark in 1468 receiving the Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands as payment for her dowry.