Short answers, pulled from the story.
Durin I awoke in Mount Gundabad during the Years of the Trees before the creation of the Sun and Moon but after the Elves had risen. This event occurred when Aulë secretly forged seven fathers in stone chambers scattered across Middle-earth.
Dwarves lived for approximately 250 years yet bred at an incredibly slow pace with no more than one-third of their population consisting of females who did not all marry. They began having children only late in life often starting around age 90.
Khuzdul was constructed to be Semitic influenced by Hebrew phonology with word stems containing only consonants like R-Kh-S forming words such as Rukhs meaning Orc. Parts of speech formed nouns verbs by inserting vowels into word stems sometimes doubling consonants while construct states linked words genitively so Baruk Khazâd meant Axes of the Dwarves.
Richard Armitage portrayed Thorin Oakenshield in Jackson's three-film Hobbit adaptation. Other voice actors included Ken Stott playing Balin Graham McTavish playing Dwalin Aidan Turner playing Kíli and Dean O'Gorman playing Fíli.
Dwarf-smith Telchar stands as the greatest smith in renown across all of Arda and they built immense halls under mountains including Menegroth Khazad-dûm and Erebor. Among treasures forged were Narsil the sword of Elendil and the Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin.