Short answers, pulled from the story.
George Smith, a London taxi cab driver, became the first person convicted of driving a motor vehicle while intoxicated on the 10th of September 1897. He faced charges under the drunk in charge provision of the 1872 Licensing Act and received a fine of 25 shillings.
Most US states define the crime broadly to include operating or being physically in control of a vehicle while under the influence, but California requires actual movement of the vehicle to constitute the offense known as driving. State v. Graves (1977) clarified that operate includes acts engaging machinery that sets motive power in motion.
A 2011 study in the B.C. Medical Journal stated clear evidence exists that cannabis impairs psychomotor skills required for safe driving. Drivers using marijuana tend to drive more slowly and cautiously than those who consumed alcohol yet are also more likely to cause accidents than drug-free drivers despite their slower pace.
The Drug Evaluation and Classification program began in Los Angeles, California during the 1970s to detect impaired drivers. This twelve-step process allows government-certified Drug Recognition Experts to determine which categories of drugs affect a suspect through breath tests, interviews, and toxicological examinations.
Car insurance may be automatically declared invalid for an intoxicated driver following any crash involving them because the drunk driver becomes fully responsible for all resulting damages without coverage. Citations for driving under the influence cause major increases in car insurance premiums across the American system.