Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Dominion of India existed from the 15th of August 1947 to the 26th of January 1950. On that final date, the promulgation of the new Indian constitution transformed it into the Republic of India, with Rajendra Prasad elected as the first President.
Demographic research using 1951 census data suggests that between 14 and 18 million people moved between India and Pakistan as a result of partition. Estimates of the death toll in partition violence range from 200,000 to over one million, with some researchers suggesting the figure may exceed one million.
Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist and member of the Hindu Mahasabha political party, shot Gandhi three times in the chest at Birla House in Delhi on the 30th of January 1948. Godse was incensed by Gandhi's efforts to protect Muslims and his role in the release of financial assets owed to Pakistan.
Sardar Patel and his assistant V. P. Menon used a combination of inducements - including special privileges and tax-free pensions for former rulers - and threats to secure accession. By the 15th of August 1947 all but three states had acceded; the holdouts were Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir, each of which required a distinct resolution including military action in the cases of Junagadh and Hyderabad.
A National Income Committee appointed in 1949 computed the average annual income per person in India at Rs. 260 or approximately $55. Domestic workers, tenant farmers, and agricultural labourers typically earned below that figure.
The 1951 Census of India recorded literacy at 23.54% for men and 7.62% for women across all areas. In rural areas specifically, female literacy stood at only 4.87%, reflecting the combined effects of poverty, patrilineal inheritance, and early arranged marriages.
The Dominion of India was governed under the Indian Independence Act 1947, which received royal assent on the 18th of July 1947, together with the Government of India Act 1935 as suitably amended. The 1950 constitution that replaced this framework drew on both the 1935 Act and elements from the constitutions of the United States and Ireland.