Short answers, pulled from the story.
The earliest known dog was buried 14,223 years ago under thick basalt blocks and covered in red hematite powder. This burial predates the development of agriculture by thousands of years and marks the dog as the first species to be domesticated by hunter-gatherers.
Genetic studies indicate that the domestication process began over 25,000 years ago likely in Siberia. Ancient North Siberians domesticated wolves before dispersing eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia.
There are around 450 official dog breeds the most of any mammal. This rapid diversification occurred during the Victorian era when humans took control of natural selection deriving most breeds from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years.
In 2018 the World Health Organization reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies with 59.6% of the deaths in Asia and 36.4% in Africa. Dogs are the most significant vector for this disease.
In 1957 the dog Laika became one of the first animals to be launched into Earth orbit aboard the Soviets's Sputnik 2. She died during the flight from overheating.