Short answers, pulled from the story.
The term "Solar System" entered the English language around 1704, when John Locke used it to refer to the Sun, planets, and comets as a single entity. The word "solar" derives from Sol, the Latin word for Sun.
Johannes Kepler formulated this discovery after inheriting the observational data of Tycho Brahe and being directed to analyze Mars's orbit mathematically. He published Kepler's laws of planetary motion between 1609 and 1619.
Uranus was the first planet discovered telescopically. William Herschel found it in 1781 while searching for binary stars in the constellation of Taurus; its orbital path revealed it was a planet rather than a comet.
Neil Armstrong stepped onto the Moon on the 21st of July 1969 during the Apollo 11 mission, becoming the first human to stand on the surface of another Solar System body. Five more Moon landings followed before 1972.
The two Voyager probes, launched in 1977, flew past Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980-1981. Voyager 2 continued to Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. Both probes have since passed the termination shock at approximately 93 AU from the Sun.
In 1992, astronomers David C. Jewitt of the University of Hawaii and Jane Luu of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered Albion, the first confirmed Kuiper belt object. This proved the existence of a vast population of icy bodies beyond Neptune, of which Pluto is a member.