Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Braun ABW30 wall clock was the first wall clock to bear the name Braun ABW30 and it was released in the early 1980s. This device was the culmination of a philosophy developed by Dieter Rams that believed the best design was so invisible that it ceased to be noticed as design at all.
The Hungarian engineer Béla Barényi invented the crumple zone and his work began in the 1930s. Barényi introduced the idea of a crumple zone as a structural element that would absorb the energy of a collision to protect the passenger compartment.
The story of the Swiss Army knife begins in 1884 when Karl Elsener was commissioned by the Swiss Army to create a standard issue knife for their soldiers. Elsener's design was a simple folding knife with a blade, a can opener, and a screwdriver.
Zaha Hadid designed her cutlery collection in 2007. Her designs were not merely functional objects but were sculptural statements that explored the relationship between the human hand and the object it held.
The two opposing design philosophies are the rational model and the action-centric model. The rational model posits that design is a plan-driven process that follows a discrete sequence of stages while the action-centric model posits that design is an improvised process that uses creativity and emotion to generate design candidates.