Short answers, pulled from the story.
Aristotle began documenting a process where premises guarantee conclusions in the 4th century BC. His work established term logic which dominated philosophical thought until modern propositional systems emerged.
Alfred Tarski described logical consequence with necessity, formality, and knowability before experience as its three essential features. He argued that valid deductions are necessary because no possible world exists where premises hold but conclusions fail.
Only about 10% of participants correctly identified which cards needed flipping to test the claim in Peter Wason's 1960s experiments. Most selected card 5 instead of the correct pair of D and 7 when viewing abstract symbols.
Gerhard Gentzen and Stanislaw Jaskowski developed natural deduction systems in the 1930s to simplify proof presentation. Their work avoided complex axiom schemes by including many different inference rules mirroring actual reasoning processes.
Special-purpose mechanisms exist for detecting cheating in social exchanges or handling permissions which explain why humans perform better on content involving human behavior. These specialized tools engage cognitive pathways differently than abstract symbols used in formal logic tasks.