Short answers, pulled from the story.
David Lloyd George was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922 and the first Welshman to hold that office. He is significant for leading Britain through the First World War, introducing the People's Budget of 1909 and the National Insurance Act 1911 that helped establish the modern welfare state, and negotiating the creation of the Irish Free State in 1921.
The People's Budget of 1909 was Lloyd George's landmark financial legislation as Chancellor of the Exchequer. It introduced a 20% tax on the unearned increase in the value of land, a supertax on incomes over £3,000, and higher death duties. The House of Lords rejected it, triggering a constitutional crisis that was only resolved after elections in 1910 and the Parliament Act 1911, which stripped the Lords of their power to block money bills.
Lloyd George replaced H. H. Asquith as Prime Minister in December 1916 after Asquith was seen as an ineffective wartime leader. Lloyd George had served as Minister of Munitions and Secretary of State for War, building a reputation as an energetic administrator. He formed a smaller five-member War Cabinet and led a coalition government with Conservative support.
Lloyd George held the parliamentary seat for Caernarfon Boroughs for 55 years from 1890 to 1945 and was described by historian Emyr Price as "the first architect of Welsh devolution and its most famous advocate." He co-led Cymru Fydd, a Welsh national party, campaigned for the disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales, and supported the National Library of Wales, the National Museum of Wales, and the University of Wales.
The Battle of Passchendaele began on the 31st of July 1917 after Lloyd George reluctantly sanctioned it following 16 meetings of his War Policy Committee. The battle became bogged down in early wet weather that turned the battlefield into swamp, causing heavy casualties with little strategic gain. Lloyd George attended the National Eisteddfod of Wales on the 6th of September 1917, where the bardic chair was draped in black because the winning poet Hedd Wyn had been killed at Passchendaele six weeks earlier.
Lloyd George resigned after Conservative MPs at the Carlton Club meeting voted to end their coalition with him and contest the next election independently. His government had been damaged by a scandal over the sale of honours, the Chanak Crisis, a depressed economy, rising unemployment, and spending cuts from 1921-22. He never returned to government office after his resignation.