Short answers, pulled from the story.
Dante Alighieri was likely born around May 1265 based on calculations from his poem Inferno. Historians deduce this because the text states he was thirty-five years old in the year 1300, which places his birth in the middle of May during that Julian calendar year.
Dante Alighieri belonged to the White Guelph faction led by Vieri dei Cerchi before being condemned to exile in March 1302. He faced permanent banishment and a large fine after Black Guelphs seized power with support from Charles of Valois who entered Florence on the 1st of November 1301.
Dante Alighieri studied Tuscan poetry under Guido Guinizelli and discovered Provençal poetry written by troubadours like Arnaut Daniel. At age eighteen he met Guido Cavalcanti to form the Dolce Stil Novo group where Beatrice Portinari became the central figure of their shared approach to love poetry.
Dante Alighieri died in Ravenna on the 14th of September 1321 at the age of about fifty-six while returning from a diplomatic mission to Venice. He contracted quartan malaria during this journey which led to his death despite receiving hospitality from Guido II da Polenta since 1318.
Dante Alighieri wrote prose treatises including Convivio, De Vulgari Eloquentia, and Monarchia which argued for universal monarchy and vernacular language use. His book Monarchia was condemned as heretical after his death and placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum until 1881.